{"id":250,"date":"2015-02-11T16:29:00","date_gmt":"2015-02-11T15:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/?page_id=250"},"modified":"2022-04-12T13:19:16","modified_gmt":"2022-04-12T12:19:16","slug":"14-basics-of-stop-motion-animation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/?page_id=250","title":{"rendered":"Basics of stop-motion animation"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pdfprnt-buttons pdfprnt-buttons-page pdfprnt-top-right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fpages%2F250&print=pdf\" class=\"pdfprnt-button pdfprnt-button-pdf\" target=\"_blank\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-print\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"image_pdf\" title=\"PDF anzeigen\" \/><\/a><\/div><h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>Stop-motion animation is a simple way of making animated films.\u00a0By gradually\u00a0moving objects against a\u00a0backdrop, and taking photos at each stage, you can create the illusion of continuous motion.<\/p>\n<p>In this chapter we will show you how to produce a stop-motion animation video\u00a0\u2013\u00a0whether this is with a\u00a0photo camera, smartphone, webcam or camcorder in photo-camera mode. You&#8217;ll learn to\u00a0set up and\u00a0shoot\u00a0the video, and to carry\u00a0out the post-production process on a computer, tablet and\u00a0even a smartphone.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-color: #ffffff;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px;\">\n<td style=\"border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-3206\" src=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/corner_lt.png\" alt=\"corner_lt\" width=\"30\" height=\"33\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #ffffff;\">\n<h2>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #e3890b;\">Vision <em>in action<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-3208\" src=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/corner_rt.png\" alt=\"corner_rt\" width=\"30\" height=\"33\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"border-color: #ffffff;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #ffffff;\">\n<p style=\"font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.5;\">Before shooting:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Finalise the script and\/or storyboard.<\/li>\n<li>Get together\u00a0all the necessary props, backdrops\u00a0and equipment (camera, tripod, lights).<\/li>\n<li>Darken the room so you&#8217;re completely independent from natural light.<\/li>\n<li>Ensure you can transfer the pictures of your camera to your editing software.<\/li>\n<li>Pick a quiet space \u2013\u00a0a room, a car, or anywhere else that isn&#8217;t exposed to noise \u2013\u00a0where you can record any sounds and voice-overs you might need.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #ffffff;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px;\">\n<td style=\"border-color: #ffffff; width: 30px; height: 33px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3205 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/corner_lb.png\" alt=\"corner_lb\" width=\"30\" height=\"33\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #ffffff;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #ffffff; width: 30px; height: 33px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-3207\" src=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/corner_rb.png\" alt=\"corner_rb\" width=\"30\" height=\"33\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">Equipment and tools<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>any type\u00a0of camera that can produce individual\u00a0digital photographs<\/li>\n<li>a tripod, lights (a desktop light or professional filming lights), a table or space on the floor, something to cover the windows with.<\/li>\n<li>for 3D animation: modelling clay, paper or any other material out of\u00a0which you can build your figures and miniature film sets. Or you could use\u00a0readily available toys and backdrops.<\/li>\n<li>for cut-out animation: paper, coloring pencils\u00a0and scissors<\/li>\n<li>a computer, tablet or smartphone for post-production, with an animation- or film-editing programme. You may need image-editing software too, to help you edit the individual photos if necessary.<\/li>\n<li>a sound-recording device, for any voice-overs, sounds or music you want to create.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Main section<\/h2>\n<p>Stop-motion animation\u00a0goes back all the way back to the early days of film-making. And\u00a0it&#8217;s still a great way to tell stories and express your creativity.<\/p>\n<p>Stop-motion is an\u00a0opportunity to create\u00a0a film with many\u00a0&#8218;actors&#8216;, great film &#8217;sets&#8216;, &#8217;stunts&#8216; and special effects. You have maximum control over the process, and you don&#8217;t even have to leave the room.<\/p>\n<div class=\"epyt-video-wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\"  style=\"display: block; margin: 0px auto;\"  id=\"_ytid_48050\"  width=\"720\" height=\"405\"  data-origwidth=\"720\" data-origheight=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9gxlvxtZtr8?enablejsapi=1&#038;origin=https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu&#038;autoplay=0&#038;cc_load_policy=0&#038;cc_lang_pref=&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;loop=0&#038;rel=0&#038;fs=1&#038;playsinline=0&#038;autohide=2&#038;hl=de_DE&#038;theme=dark&#038;color=red&#038;controls=1&#038;disablekb=0&#038;\" class=\"__youtube_prefs__  epyt-is-override  no-lazyload\" title=\"YouTube player\"  allow=\"fullscreen; accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen data-no-lazy=\"1\" data-skipgform_ajax_framebjll=\"\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u00a0Video: Cutout animation (2D): AKVARIJ (by LIJAmedia)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>But\u00a0the usual stages of film-making\u00a0\u2013\u00a0writing a script and\/or a storyboard, shooting and post-production \u2013\u00a0apply here\u00a0as well. And you&#8217;ll be using the camera in the same way \u2013\u00a0zooming, panning, focusing and applying\u00a0the rule of thirds.\u00a0That&#8217;s\u00a0why working on a\u00a0stop-motion animation\u00a0is\u00a0ideal training for the production of a feature film, documentary, music video and so on.<\/p>\n<p>There is a lot to prepare, and creating the figures, props and &#8217;set&#8216; in particular is a challenging process. You&#8217;ll need to be very disciplined and stay focused.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>There is a variety of specialist\u00a0stop-motion-film software you can purchase. This lets you capture images and send them directly to the\u00a0computer while you&#8217;re still shooting.\u00a0Advantages of using specialist software\u00a0include being able to\u00a0view\u00a0the camera output while you&#8217;re filming and see the\u00a0differences between adjacent images using an overlay function.<\/p>\n<p>In this chapter we focus on\u00a0producing stop-motion animation by taking\u00a0individual images\u00a0and combing them using free and\u00a0readily available\u00a0film-editing software.\u00a0This helps you keep costs down and means you can get started on your project quickly and easily.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>Typical production process of a stop-motion animation film<\/h3>\n<p>The production of every\u00a0stop-motion film starts with a\u00a0choice between the 2D cut-out style, which mainly uses paper, and\u00a0the 3D style.\u00a0Both styles have advantages and disadvantages.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-250 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/?attachment_id=2554'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/storyboard_for_an_animation_film-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/storyboard_for_an_animation_film-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/storyboard_for_an_animation_film-644x429.jpg 644w, https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/storyboard_for_an_animation_film.jpg 1319w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/?attachment_id=2552'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/preparing_background_and_letters_for_cut-out_animation-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/preparing_background_and_letters_for_cut-out_animation-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/preparing_background_and_letters_for_cut-out_animation-644x430.jpg 644w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-250 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/?attachment_id=2551'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/preparing_background_and_letters_for_cut-out_animation-2-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/preparing_background_and_letters_for_cut-out_animation-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/preparing_background_and_letters_for_cut-out_animation-2-644x428.jpg 644w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/?attachment_id=2549'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/placing_objects_on_the_background_for_a_cut-out_animation-2-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/placing_objects_on_the_background_for_a_cut-out_animation-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/placing_objects_on_the_background_for_a_cut-out_animation-2-644x429.jpg 644w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>The basic steps of 2D<\/em><em>\u00a0stop-motion animation:\u00a0writing the storyboard (top left), drawing and cutting out\u00a0the backdrop\u00a0and figures (top right and bottom left), and taking the photos<\/em><\/p>\n<p>If you want to make\u00a0a\u00a03D stop-motion film, you&#8217;ll need to create your figures, props and the film set using modelling clay or a similar material. Even if you use\u00a0toys, in general shooting will be\u00a0much more time-consuming than for a cut-out animation.<\/p>\n<p>For a 2D film, you only need\u00a0colouring pens, scissors and paper. But a good\u00a0drawing or painting\u00a0takes time and skill. For example, depending on the look you&#8217;re after, you might have to learn to draw in a way that gives a sense of perspective.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/kitchen_stop-motion.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-large wp-image-3251 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/kitchen_stop-motion-644x362.jpg\" alt=\"kitchen_stop-motion\" width=\"644\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/kitchen_stop-motion-644x362.jpg 644w, https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/kitchen_stop-motion-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/kitchen_stop-motion.jpg 1462w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 644px) 100vw, 644px\" \/><\/a> <em>Kitchen backdrop drawn in perspective (a still\u00a0from the cut-out animation film\u00a0<\/em><em>&#8218;We are what we eat&#8216; from the project CROSSCuT)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Your choice between the 2D and 3D approach will depend\u00a0on your vision for the\u00a0film. And\u00a0you might want to consider\u00a0a third option \u2013\u00a0using a mixture of the\u00a0two styles. This\u00a0can create an interesting 3D effect:<\/p>\n<div class=\"epyt-video-wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\"  style=\"display: block; margin: 0px auto;\"  id=\"_ytid_49789\"  width=\"720\" height=\"405\"  data-origwidth=\"720\" data-origheight=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Hbmyyja5wTg?enablejsapi=1&#038;origin=https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu&#038;autoplay=0&#038;cc_load_policy=0&#038;cc_lang_pref=&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;loop=0&#038;rel=0&#038;fs=1&#038;playsinline=0&#038;autohide=2&#038;hl=de_DE&#038;theme=dark&#038;color=red&#038;controls=1&#038;disablekb=0&#038;\" class=\"__youtube_prefs__  epyt-is-override  no-lazyload\" title=\"YouTube player\"  allow=\"fullscreen; accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen data-no-lazy=\"1\" data-skipgform_ajax_framebjll=\"\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Video: STVARJENJE (LIJAmedia and \u010cMC Be\u017eigrad)<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Writing a script and\/or storyboard<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Before you start &#8218;filming&#8216;, you&#8217;ll need to\u00a0decide whether you\u00a0want to work with a script and\/or storyboard, or the\u00a0story should develop spontaneously during the shoot.<\/p>\n<p>If you want to base your animation on a story, you have a couple of options. You can choose a story\u00a0you already know, for example a fairy-tale, and develop a storyboard out of that, or you could come up with your own idea yourself.\u00a0Either way, referring to\u00a0<a title=\"Writing an synopsis, a script, a storyboard and a shooting schedule\" href=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/?page_id=1293\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Writing a synopsis, script, storyboard and shooting schedule<\/a>\u00a0will help you at this stage of your project.<\/p>\n<p>One of the things\u00a0to think about for your storyboard is how you&#8217;ll present speech. You can\u00a0use slides with dialogues on them, between the animated scenes. There could be speech bubbles, like in a cartoon \u2013\u00a0especially for cut-out animation, but for 3D films\u00a0too. Or you can record speech and a\u00a0narrator&#8217;s voice-over at the post-production stage.<\/p>\n<p>At this stage it&#8217;s also good to start thinking about the sounds and music you want to use.<\/p>\n<h3>Preparing for the shoot<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Draw or construct the figures, props and miniature set.<\/li>\n<li>Prepare the backdrop. This should be\u00a0large\u00a0enough to allow you to take\u00a0photos not just from a 90\u00b0\u00a0angle (facing the scene straight on), but also from\u00a0the left, the right, or using a high or low camera angle if necessary. It&#8217;s best to shape your backdrop as a half-pipe so that it curves around the figures and props, allowing you to shoot from different angles. Or you can move the backdrop whenever you\u00a0change the camera angle.\n<ul>\n<li>For a\u00a0cut-out animation, the backdrop\u00a0can just be a\u00a0large sheet of paper that&#8217;s been coloured or illustrated in some way \u2013 for example showing a forest.<\/li>\n<li>You can make backdrops\u00a0for 3D\u00a0productions in the same way, or\u00a0using\u00a0clothes and\u00a0coloured paper.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Choose a\u00a0room that can be darkened completely by placing cardboard or dark clothes over\u00a0the windows. There should ideally be no natural light in the room, as this can change and interfere with the quality of your images.<\/li>\n<li>Build the film sets on the floor or on a table. Using a table means you can\u00a0sit down during the shoot if it takes too long.<\/li>\n<li>Set up your lights. Use the sort of\u00a0lighting settings described in\u00a0<a title=\"Basics of lighting\" href=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/?page_id=256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Basics of lighting<\/a>, or otherwise\u00a0make sure the room is brightly lit. You might want to\u00a0use reflected\u00a0light too\u00a0\u2013\u00a0for example by directing one or more\u00a0of the lights at\u00a0the ceiling; the light will be\u00a0softer when it illuminates\u00a0the set. Finally, make sure neither\u00a0your equipment nor the\u00a0crew are casting any\u00a0shadows over the scene!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Start shooting<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Place\u00a0the camera on a tripod and arrange\u00a0the lights. Use a pen to mark\u00a0the position of the tripod, the lights and the table, in case you have to move them at the end of each\u00a0filming\u00a0session. It&#8217;s obviously best if you can avoid moving your equipment between shoots.<\/li>\n<li>Set your camera to the maximum resolution and choose an aspect ratio that\u00a0fits to format of your film. The aspect ratio will normally be 16:9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p>If your camera doesn&#8217;t support a 16:9 aspect ratio,\u00a0you can either\u00a0produce the film in 4:3 aspect ratio or crop the 4:3 images to 16:9 aspect ratio during post-production.<\/p>\n<p>If you decide to crop the pictures, bear in mind that 1\/8 from\u00a0the top and bottom of your images\u00a0will be cut. If you\u00a0place some\u00a0tape across\u00a0the top and bottom of your camera\u00a0display (make sure it&#8217;s not too sticky), you&#8217;ll be able to see the frame you&#8217;ll end up with.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>If adjusting the white balance (WB) of your camera is an option, avoid adjusting WB automatically; this will cause the other\u00a0colours in the photos\u00a0to change. Adjust WB manually or\u00a0use the right\u00a0preset &#8211;\u00a0for example &#8218;tungsten light&#8216; for lights\u00a0with bulbs or &#8218;fluorescent light&#8216; for neon tubes and energy-saving lamps. See\u00a0<a title=\"Camera advanced\" href=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/?page_id=892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camera advanced<\/a>\u00a0for more.<\/li>\n<li>If adjusting the shutter speed of you camera is an option, use the shutter-priority\u00a0function and try to set it to at least 1\/50s, to make sure the photos are sharp. Even if you&#8217;re using a tripod, it&#8217;s best to have the speed set to 1\/100s so you don&#8217;t capture\u00a0movements like vibrations caused\u00a0by someone walking.<\/li>\n<li>If you want to\u00a0blur the backdrop and\u00a0focus on a specific object, set a high aperture manually. Use the aperture-priority function of your camera and keep a shutter speed of at least 1\/50s. If the speed is slower than this, you&#8217;ll have to be extremely\u00a0careful not to move anything when you take the photos.<\/li>\n<li>After your set is arranged, do a dry run. Move the figures around and take photos to make sure the lighting is good, and that the camera angles and movements work well.<\/li>\n<li>Start shooting. You&#8217;ll need\u00a0at least eight pictures per film second to get\u00a0fluid\u00a0movement in the\u00a0film. If it takes one second for a\u00a0figure to raise\u00a0an\u00a0arm, there should be at least six pictures between the start and end positions of the arm movement.<\/li>\n<li>Stick to the defined framings in your storyboard, if you have one. Plan ahead so you can be efficient and you don&#8217;t have to\u00a0change the camera angle too often.\u00a0For example, if you want to shoot a conversation\u00a0using the shot\/counter-shot principle, shoot the whole conversation\u00a0from the first angle, then do the same from the counter-shot angle, rather than moving the camera with every line.<\/li>\n<li>Check your photos\u00a0regularly. View them on your camera or, even better, on a bigger screen; this gives you a more accurate idea of how sharp the images are.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Camera movements and racking focus<\/h3>\n<div class=\"epyt-video-wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\"  style=\"display: block; margin: 0px auto;\"  id=\"_ytid_35550\"  width=\"720\" height=\"405\"  data-origwidth=\"720\" data-origheight=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cDvq80PXbmg?enablejsapi=1&#038;origin=https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu&#038;autoplay=0&#038;cc_load_policy=0&#038;cc_lang_pref=&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;loop=0&#038;rel=0&#038;fs=1&#038;playsinline=0&#038;autohide=2&#038;hl=de_DE&#038;theme=dark&#038;color=red&#038;controls=1&#038;disablekb=0&#038;\" class=\"__youtube_prefs__  epyt-is-override  no-lazyload\" title=\"YouTube player\"  allow=\"fullscreen; accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen data-no-lazy=\"1\" data-skipgform_ajax_framebjll=\"\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Video: 3D stop-motion animation from the series \u201cTrickreich\u201d (in German by WTV) containing pans and zooming<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>You can complete a\u00a0pan or a tilt step by step, photo\u00a0by photo.<\/li>\n<li>For following shots, move the camera along with\u00a0the tripod, bit\u00a0by bit from left to right (or vice versa), and, if the tripod allows it, upwards or downwards. Alternatively, you could move\u00a0the camera using\u00a0a dolly or something similar you&#8217;ve built yourself. You can combine your following shot with a pan or a tilt, just make sure the camera moves only slightly between shots. <span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">2<\/span><\/li>\n<li>To zoom in and out,\u00a0change the focal length\u00a0of your lens\u00a0step by step, photo\u00a0by photo.<\/li>\n<li>Doing a\u00a0racking focus is also possible. First,\u00a0focus on one object in the foreground;\u00a0the object in the background will be blurry.\u00a0Then change the focus manually step by step until the object in the background is focused and the object in front is\u00a0out of focus. You&#8217;ll need a\u00a0high aperture value to make sure\u00a0the respective levels are blurry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p>Even in video mode, a photo camera\u00a0has a much higher resolution than is necessary\u00a0for film. A lens with a 10 megapixel censor takes\u00a04224px x 2376px images at 16:9 aspect ratio, whereas FullHD resolution is only\u00a01920px x 1080px.<\/p>\n<p>This means you can achieve a zooming effect or a following shot by cropping the image in post-production. If you decide to do this, make sure you factor it in the shooting process.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>Sound-recording for animation<\/h3>\n<div class=\"epyt-video-wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\"  style=\"display: block; margin: 0px auto;\"  id=\"_ytid_98344\"  width=\"720\" height=\"405\"  data-origwidth=\"720\" data-origheight=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Z5dVcP1_Sq0?enablejsapi=1&#038;origin=https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu&#038;autoplay=0&#038;cc_load_policy=0&#038;cc_lang_pref=&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;loop=0&#038;rel=0&#038;fs=1&#038;playsinline=0&#038;autohide=2&#038;hl=de_DE&#038;theme=dark&#038;color=red&#038;controls=1&#038;disablekb=0&#038;\" class=\"__youtube_prefs__  epyt-is-override  no-lazyload\" title=\"YouTube player\"  allow=\"fullscreen; accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen data-no-lazy=\"1\" data-skipgform_ajax_framebjll=\"\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Video: Cutout animation with voice-over\u00a0speech: We are what we eat (film from the project CROSSCuT in Italian)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>You can record\u00a0sound for your animation\u00a0\u2013 whether that&#8217;s music,\u00a0dialogue\u00a0between characters, or a\u00a0narrator&#8217;s voice-over \u2013 using\u00a0any digital recording device. Find out more in <a title=\"Sound, music and sound effects\" href=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/?page_id=124\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sound, music and sound effects<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Ideally, shooting will have finished and the film will have been edited by the time you ask\u00a0actors to provide narration or character voices for your animation. That way they can watch the film while they dub it.\u00a0But\u00a0dubbing can also be done during\u00a0the shooting stage;\u00a0the sound is then\u00a0matched to the relevant part of\u00a0the film.<\/p>\n<p>As well as speech, you could\u00a0record different sounds and music to add to your film, or find music with a suitable copyright licence online. Find out more about sourcing music online in\u00a0<a title=\"Free internet resources to support your video work\" href=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/?page_id=905\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Free internet resources to support your video work.<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Editing a\u00a0stop-motion animation film<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Make a rough\u00a0selection of the photos\u00a0you might want to use. You can do this easily in the file browser of your computer, tablet or phone.<\/li>\n<li>Set the aspect ratio of the new film project to the aspect ratio of the photos, unless you took the photos at\u00a04:3 aspect ratio and plan to crop them to 16:9 in the editing program.<\/li>\n<li>Import the pictures in the editing program\u00a0of your choice.<\/li>\n<li>Select a sequence of photos from the program&#8217;s file browser, then\u00a0drag and drop them\u00a0into the timeline. Some programs like Windows Movie Maker insert\u00a0the images\u00a0directly into the timeline.<\/li>\n<li>If you can see only a small section\u00a0of each photo, this is probably because you took the photos with a good-quality photo camera, and their resolution\u00a0is higher than that of the film project.\u00a0If you&#8217;re using Adobe Premiere\u00a0Elements, you can fix this by selecting\u00a0all the images\u00a0in the timeline, then right-clicking\u00a0and selecting &#8218;Scale to Frame Size&#8216;; other editing software will have a similar function.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p>You can avoid your computer slowing down by\u00a0reducing the resolution of photos before you import them into the editing software. You can do this with free programs\u00a0like Google Picasa and IrfanView, and professional software like\u00a0Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Media Encoder.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>If the import has been successful,\u00a0each photo should now match up with\u00a0one or more\u00a0frames in the timeline, depending on the predefined\u00a0value\u00a0in the program.<\/p>\n<p>In Adobe Premiere Elements, you can find the default length for film stills under Edit-&gt;Predefined\u00a0Settings-&gt;General Settings.\u00a0Some programs, including\u00a0Windows Movie Maker, don&#8217;t have a\u00a0preset value, and you&#8217;ll have to type in the value manually \u2013\u00a0for example 0.3s per image.<\/p>\n<p>If you want a photo to\u00a0be viewed\u00a0longer\u00a0than the period in the predefined value, you can extend its\u00a0duration manually in the same way as you\u00a0would prolong a film sequence again after it&#8217;s been cut.<\/p>\n<p>If the transition between a whole series of\u00a0images\u00a0is\u00a0too\u00a0fast, you can slow down the \u00a0group by\u00a0selecting\u00a0all the relevant photos\u00a0and\u00a0right-clicking-&gt;endure duration<\/p>\n<p>Beyond this, stop-motion animations are edited in the same way as\u00a0conventional videos.\u00a0You can add special\u00a0transitions, effects, sounds, dialogue and music under the respective video tracks. Use titles for the opening and end credits, or for dialogues if you don&#8217;t want to dub the film.<\/p>\n<h3>Re-framing, zooming, and creating camera movement during editing<\/h3>\n<p>If the resolution of the source\u00a0image material is much higher\u00a0than the resolution of the film project, you can choose to only use a section of some images and thus achieve a particular effect.<\/p>\n<p>For example, selecting a small section of the image changes the framing of a shot.\u00a0You can also\u00a0enlarge\/minimise\u00a0an\u00a0image section frame by frame to achieve\u00a0a zoom-in or zoom-out effect.<\/p>\n<p>Finally,\u00a0it&#8217;s possible to\u00a0create a following shot by cropping a larger image into smaller, consecutive sections of equal size. These can then be ordered from left to right\/right to left for a horizontal following shot, or upwards\/downwards\u00a0for a vertical following shot. <span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>When you&#8217;re cropping a larger photo, make sure that the resolution of the resulting small images is high enough for\u00a0the film project. Otherwise they will look\u00a0pixellated.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2><b>Common mistakes<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Moving the figures or objects too far for each shot. This means that the movement in the film won&#8217;t be fluid enough. Be patient and check your photos\u00a0regularly to see if you need to re-shoot any scenes.<\/li>\n<li>The warmth of the lights weakens the stability of figures\u00a0made out of modelling clay. You can make your figures more stable by modelling them around a wire &#8217;skeleton&#8216;.<\/li>\n<li>Not finishing a scene in one session.\u00a0When this happens and you have to move your equipment, it&#8217;s very difficult to restore the set-up exactly as it was \u2013 including the camera angle, lights, and the position of figures and props. If an interruption\u00a0can&#8217;t\u00a0be avoided, change the camera angle and\u00a0don&#8217;t try to replicate the same conditions. Remember to always mark the positions of the tripod and\u00a0the lights if they can&#8217;t stay in the room until\u00a0the next shooting session.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Exercises<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Look at the films in this chapter and search the web for other stop-motion animations.<\/li>\n<li>Invent a\u00a0story\/topic that you want to base your\u00a0animation on,\u00a0or pick\/modify an existing one. You might\u00a0be able to find an animated-film competition that focuses on that\u00a0specific topic.<\/li>\n<li>Make a list of the\u00a0materials and technical resources you have. See if you can\u00a0borrow equipment from friends or media educational institutions.<\/li>\n<li>Produce your own animation, either by yourself\u00a0or with friends. You might want to start with a cut-out animation film, or use toys, so that you don&#8217;t have to make\u00a0figures and props for your first project.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><strong><b>Related topics and links to external sources<\/b><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Chapters: <a title=\"Camera basics\" href=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/?page_id=266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camera basics<\/a> \/\u00a0<a title=\"Camera advanced\" href=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/?page_id=892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camera advanced<\/a>\u00a0\/ <a title=\"Basics of lighting\" href=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/?page_id=256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Basics of lighting<\/a> \/\u00a0<a title=\"Basic concepts of editing\" href=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/?page_id=121\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Film structure<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<a title=\"Sound, music and sound effects\" href=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/?page_id=124\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sound, music and sound effects<\/a> \/\u00a0<a title=\"Film editing with editing software\" href=\"https:\/\/vision.wettintv.de\/?page_id=993\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Film editing<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Methodology<\/h2>\n<p>Don&#8217;t underestimate how long it can take to produce a stop-motion animation. It all depends on how much time you&#8217;ll need to make your figures, props and sets. If you don&#8217;t have much time, make a 2D\u00a0cut-out video\u00a0instead of a 3D animation film.<\/p>\n<p>Whichever style you choose,\u00a0write a clear timetable that sets out when each part of the film-making process\u00a0will be completed by.\u00a0This will help not only you but the young people as well, who will need to\u00a0know how much\u00a0time they have. Create the timetable in the form of a large poster and\u00a0hang it on the wall where the project is taking place. You won&#8217;t be able to predict everything, of course, but a basic schedule\u00a0will help you a lot.<\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s also important\u00a0to define\u00a0the end result: including the type of production (cut-out or 3D\u00a0animation); length; what the\u00a0figures, props and backgrounds should look like and how they should be created; the film&#8217;s aesthetics, effects, framing types, fluidity of movement, camera angles and effects; sound\u00a0and the editing. Remember that the quality of the story can affect the\u00a0final product too.<\/p>\n<p>Talk to the young people and find out how much effort they are prepared\u00a0to put in. Use this to decide on the right project\u00a0\u2013 one that challenges them but doesn&#8217;t overburden them.\u00a0The examples at the beginning of this chapter each required a different level of effort, and could help with your decision.<\/p>\n<p>Work in small groups of 2\u20134 people.\u00a0Most of the time the shooting process needs\u00a0just two young people \u2013\u00a0one to move\u00a0the figures and the other to shoot the pictures. The other young people in the team will need other tasks, for example\u00a0recording\u00a0the\u00a0voice-over, sounds and music.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Stop-motion animation is a simple way of making animated films.\u00a0By gradually\u00a0moving objects against a\u00a0backdrop, and taking photos at each stage, you can create the illusion of continuous motion. In this chapter we will show you how to produce a stop-motion animation video\u00a0\u2013\u00a0whether this is with a\u00a0photo camera, smartphone, webcam or camcorder in photo-camera mode&#8230;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1945,"parent":0,"menu_order":3460,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page_fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"language":[7],"class_list":["post-250","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","language-en_gb"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Basics of stop-motion animation - V I S I O N and A N I M A V I S I O N - Video School Online<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/vision-videoschool.eu\/?page_id=250\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Basics of stop-motion animation - V I S I O N and A N I M A V I S I O N - Video School Online\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Introduction Stop-motion animation is a simple way of making animated films.\u00a0By gradually\u00a0moving objects against a\u00a0backdrop, and taking photos at each stage, you can create the illusion of continuous motion. 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